Definition
A Hard Landing, also known as a heavy landing, is a landing in which the touchdown limitation, has been exceeded. A hard landing has the potential to result in Loss of Controls and aircraft damage, and will require a hard landing inspection.
Criteria
Almost every pilot has experienced a less-than-ideal landing. These might have been manifested as a firm or bounced touchdown. While being uncomfortable or embarassing for the pilots these events are rarely classified as a hard landing. In some situations, such as during a landing on a contaminated runway, the firm touchdown may have been intentional.
A hard landing is classified as the exceedance of a manufacturer limitation, which will vary by the category and purpose of the aircraft. That said, based on certification criteria, the hard landing limit is the same for virtually all commercial aircraft and is expressed either as a touchdown 'g' loading of 2.6, or as a touchdown rate of descent exceeding 600 feet per minute (fpm), for landing weights up to the certified maximum for the aircraft type.
Cause
The most common cause of a hard landing is an unstable approach. Among other reasons, these can occur due to tailwind, a "rushed" approach, an attempt to comply with a demanding air traffic control clearance, adverse weather conditions or the improper use of automation. Abnormal speed or excessive rates of descent can make execution of the landing flare more difficult. Gusty winds, active precipitation and reduced visibility can all make execution of the landing more difficult and can, therefore, increase the potential for a hard landing.
Prevention
There are a number of ways to help reduce the chances of a hard landing, for example:
- Ensure the approach is stable. If the pilot can't guarantee the approach is stable, a go around must be initiated.
- Use manufacturer recommended landing configuration and approach speed.
- Execute the flare at the manufacturer recommended wheel height. Avoid an excessively high (or low) flare height.
- Avoid an extended hold off.
- In the event of a bounced landing, follow manufacturer recommendations for recovery.
- Balked landing protocols may be necessary to prevent a hard landing.